Wikipedia Christopher Columbus
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Wikipedia Christopher Columbus

The student body is diverse, with students whose families come from. Christopher Columbus is an Anglicization of his real name, given to him in Genoa where he was born: Cristoforo Colombo. The Real Story: Who Discovered America. Best Known For: Italian explorer Christopher. His most famous was his first voyage, commanding the ships the Nina, the. He piloted the Santa María during Christopher Columbus s first voyage to the Americas in 1492, [1] and accompanied him on his third voyage in 1498 to Trinidad. For the next 300 years, Costa Rica was a colony of Spain. Columbus didn’t set out to prove the earth was round. Christopher Columbus left Cadiz with his brothers along four ships, namely the Gallega, the Capitana, the Santiago de Palos, and the Vizcaina on May 11, 1502. com/_ylt=AwrFNY5gOVpk5F8ERZ9XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzIEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1683663329/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fsimple. A felmerült kifogásokat a szócikk vitalapja (extrém esetben a szócikk szövegében elhelyezett, kikommentelt szövegrészek) részletezi. Columbus’s governance of Hispaniola could be brutal and tyrannical. Christopher Columbus was a sailor. Christopher Columbus (c. Columbus returned to Spain in chains in 1500. Christopher Columbus, Italian Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristóbal Colón, (born between August 26 and October 31?, 1451, Genoa [Italy]—died May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain), master navigator and admiral whose four transatlantic voyages (1492–93, 1493–96, 1498–1500, and 1502–04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. Some people think of him as the discoverer of America, but this is not strictly true. Si Christopher Columbus (1451 - 20 Mayo 1506) (Cristòfor Colom sa Catalan, Cristoforo Colombo sa Italyano, Cristóbal Colón sa Kastila, Cristóvão Colombo sa Portuges) ay pinaniniwalaang mula sa Genoa, bagaman pinaniniwalaan din na mula siya sa ibang lugar, mula sa Korona ng Aragon o sa mga Kaharian ng Galicia o Portugal. Kolumbusz Kristóf. In his 1492 voyage, which was an attempt to find a. During Christopher’s Columbus fourth and final voyage to the “New World”, the explorer experienced his first hurricane. Best Known For: Italian explorer Christopher. In 1506, at the age of 55, the explorer Christopher Columbus died in Spain. Americans get a day off work on October 10 to celebrate Columbus Day. The SS Christopher Columbus was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. Krištof Kolumbus (* medzi 25. Coordinates. A postscript was added upon his arrival in Lisbon on. His real name in Italian was Cristoforo Colombo. interesting facts about Christopher Columbus. Wikipedia Christopher ColumbusOn the same day, he landed at Marie-Galante , which he named Santa María la Galante. Han er kendt, fordi han ledte den ekspedition, der ankom som den første europæiske opdagelsesekspedition til Amerika - derfor kaldes han ofte. 1451-1506 CE, also known as Cristoffa Corombo in Ligurian and Cristoforo Colombo in Italian) was a Genoese explorer (identified as Italian) who became famous in his own time as the man who discovered the New World and, since the 19th century CE, is credited with the discovery of North America, specifically the region comprising the United States. Faro a Colon (Columbus Lighthouse). There was no need for Christopher Columbus to debunk the. maj 1506) var en navigatør og opdagelsesrejsende fra Genova. Christopher Columbus, Italian Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristóbal Colón, (born between August 26 and October 31?, 1451, Genoa [Italy]—died May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain), master navigator and admiral whose four transatlantic voyages (1492-93, 1493-96, 1498-1500, and 1502-04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. クリストファー・コロンブス ( 1451年 10月31日 - 1506年 5月20日 )は、 探検家 ・ 航海者 ・ コンキスタドール 、 奴隷 商人。. Perjalanan tersebut didanai oleh Ratu Isabella dari Kastilia Spanyol setelah ratu tersebut berhasil menaklukkan Andalusia. Since his death, Columbus has been criticized for the crimes he committed against Indigenous peoples in the New World. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who stumbled upon the Americas and whose journeys marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonization. On 30 June 1503, Christopher Columbus beached his two last caravels and was stranded in Jamaica. Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo [kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo]) was a Genovese-born explorer who became a subject of the Hispanic Monarchy to lead a Spanish enterprise to cross the Atlantic Ocean in. Photo by: Wikipedia Creative Commons. The explorer Christopher Columbus made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o Spain, he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. Between 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus led four Spanish transatlantic maritime expeditions of discovery to the Americas. On 3 November 1493, Christopher Columbus landed on a rugged shore on an island that he named Dominica. When Columbus first set foot on Hispaniola, he encountered a population of Indigenous peoples called the Taino. Christopher Columbus: The Discovery is a 1992 American historical adventure film directed by John Glen. A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Name: Christopher Columbus. In 1492, Christopher Columbus’s expedition was funded in the hope of bypassing Portugal’s monopoly on west African sea routes, to reach “the Indies. In 1492, he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the. Kolumbusz Kristóf – Wikipédia. The ethnic or national origin of explorer Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) has been a source of speculation since the 19th century. Dia percaya bahawa bumi adalah sebuah sfera kecil, dan mendakwa bahawa sesebuah kapal dapat sampai ke Timur Jauh melalui laluan arah barat. Uli ning kayang pamaglakbe king Atlantic Ocean, akilala de reng keraklan king Europa ing Albugang Kapitnang-Yatu (Western Hemisphere) ampo reng kontinenting America. Columbus died in Spain in 1506, and his remains were kept there for a while before being sent to Santo Domingo in 1537. After writing screenplays for several teen comedies in the mid-1980s, he made his directorial debut with a teen adventure, Adventures. októbrom 1451, asi Janov – † 20. 10 Things You May Not Know About Christopher Columbus. His exploration of these areas paved the way for European colonization. ( 1985-03-07) (Italy) 19 May 1985. Born in Spangler, Pennsylvania, Columbus studied film at Tisch School of the Arts where he developed an interest in. I Christopher Columbus (pilatan ning August 25 ampong October 31, 1451 – May 20, 1506), Cristóbal Colón king Castila, at Cristoforo Colombo king orihinal a Italianu, metung yang talapaglayag, kolonialista, ampong talapaglakbe. He was also pale, so he burnt easily, and had a hooked nose with blue eyes and sandy red/blonde hair. Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus s arrival in the Americas. It was constructed for the Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888) in honor of Columbus first. His first voyage nearly ended in disaster as his ship was attacked and set on fire by pirates. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. Christopher Columbus was a sailor. Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; c. The SS Christopher Columbus was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. Definition. Photo by: Wikipedia Creative Commons. 1451 - 20 Mey 1506) wis an Italian explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the Republic o Genoa. On June 29, 1502, Columbus stopped at Hispaniola to send letters back to Spain and potentially trade one of his slower. In 1506, at the age of 55, the explorer Christopher Columbus died in Spain. In 1492, he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña ships alongside, hoping to find. In 1492, Christopher Columbus’s expedition was funded in the hope of bypassing Portugal’s monopoly on west African sea routes, to reach “the Indies. Các tác phẩm của Christopher Columbus tại Dự án Gutenberg. The Christopher Columbus Monument was originally erected on the Centennial Exposition grounds at the intersection of Fountain and Belmont Avenues, near the Conservatory. Christopher Joseph Columbus [1] (born September 10, 1958) is an American filmmaker. Good or bad, Columbus created a bridge between the old and new world. Christopher Columbus was a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain. Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer. English: The routes of the four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. 1451-1506 CE, also known as Cristoffa Corombo in Ligurian and Cristoforo Colombo in Italian) was a Genoese explorer (identified as Italian) who became famous in his own time as the man who discovered the New World and, since the 19th century CE, is credited with the discovery of North America, specifically. She was the only whaleback ship ever built for. Christopher Columbus (l. Christopher Columbus, in an effort to induce the inhabitants of Jamaica to continue provisioning him and his hungry men, successfully intimidated them by correctly. ランス・オ・メドー が発見されるまでは 大航海時代 において キリスト教 世界の. Christopher Columbus Facts. He incorporated the territory into the Captaincy General of Guatemala as a province of New Spain in 1524. Christopher Columbus>10 Things You May Not Know About Christopher Columbus. Columbus meeting the King and Queen in Santa Fe. Name: Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbuss journal (Diario) is a diary and logbook written by Christopher Columbus about his first voyage. The indigenous people of the island welcomed Columbus and his crew and. He encountered the storm off the coast of Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti). Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian trader, explorer, and navigator. See full list on simple. Christopher Columbus was a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain. Christopher Columbus was a sailor. Christopher Joseph Columbus [1] (born September 10, 1958) is an American filmmaker. QUICK FACTS. In what has become known as the Columbian Exchange, Columbus voyages enabled the exchange of plants, animals, cultures. Several contemporary references confirm Columbus kept a journal of his voyage as a daily record of events and as. Christopher Joseph Columbus [1] (born September 10, 1958) is an American filmmaker. 1505) [1] was an Afro-Spanish explorer. I Christopher Columbus (pilatan ning August 25 ampong October 31, 1451 – May 20, 1506), Cristóbal Colón king Castila, at Cristoforo Colombo king orihinal a Italianu, metung yang talapaglayag, kolonialista, ampong talapaglakbe. A friendly group, they willingly traded jewelry, animals, and supplies with the sailors. Ta ny marrinyssyn echey coontit myr y chied. Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o Spain , he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. [1] The consensus among historians is that Columbuss family was from the coastal region of Liguria, that he spent his boyhood and early youth in the Republic of Genoa, in Genoa, in Vico Diritto, and that he. The letter was ostensibly written by Columbus himself, aboard the caravel Niña, on the return leg of his voyage. ( 1985-05-19) (US) Christopher Columbus is a television miniseries broadcast in Italy and the United States in 1985. org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus h=ID=SERP,5847. Born in Spangler, Pennsylvania, Columbus studied film at Tisch School of the Arts where he developed an interest in filmmaking. Christopher Columbus (c. Christopher Columbus is the English version. On the evening of August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships. Christopher Columbus (c. Christopher Columbus first dropped anchor in Costa Rica in 1502 at Isla Uvita. Krištof Kolumbus – Wikipédia. He attended school during the winter months until 1843 when he. Christopher Columbus (miniseries). But death was not the end of his adventures - his body continued to travel in a centuries-long shell game. Another of my interesting facts about Christopher Columbus highlights his looks. A total lunar eclipse occurred on 1 March 1504, visible at sunset for the Americas, and later over night over Europe and Africa, and near sunrise over Asia. Good or bad, Columbus created a bridge between the old and new world. Voyages of Christopher Columbus. The Christopher Columbus Monument was originally erected on the Centennial Exposition grounds at the intersection of Fountain and Belmont Avenues, near the Conservatory and dedicated on October 13, 1876 as a tribute from Italy to America. Christopher Columbus was a sailor. Origin theories of Christopher Columbus. Even his Genoese name is not certain, as historical documents about his origin are scarce. Christopher Columbus (/ k ə ˈ l ʌ m b ə s /; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European. Christopher Columbus, according to what I have learned from men of his nation, was originally from the province of Liguria, which is in Italy, where the city and the Seignory of Genoa stands: some say that he was from. The ship was designed by Alexander McDougall, the developer and promoter of the whaleback design. Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer (1451–1506) Retrato de hombre, óleo sobre lienzo de Sebastiano del Piombo, fechado en 1519, con una leyenda de dudosa autenticidad que lo identifica como el ligur Colombo, «el primero en entrar en barco en el mundo de las Antípodas» (Nueva York, Metropolitan Museum). Columbus ships were called: Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator. Columbus died in Spain in 1506, and his remains were kept there for a while before being sent to Santo Domingo in 1537. Cristóvão Colombo – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. The SS Christopher Columbus was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. Cristóvão Colombo ( Génova, entre 22 de agosto e 31 de outubro de 1451 – Valladolid, 20 de maio de 1506) foi um navegador e explorador genovês, responsável por liderar a frota que alcançou o continente americano em 12 de outubro de 1492, sob as ordens dos Reis Católicos de Espanha, no chamado descobrimento da América. máj 1506, Valladolid) bol taliansky prieskumník a moreplavec, ktorý absolvoval štyri plavby cez Atlantický oceán a otvoril tak cestu európskemu prieskumu a kolonizácii Ameriky. Andrews was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, the son of a rural farmer. According to descriptions, Columbus was well above 5’7” – the average for men during his time period. Columbus only survived by swimming to land. Columbus only survived by swimming to land. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. Columbus went ashore at Guanahaní, an island in the Bahamas, on October 12, 1492. It was the last project developed by the father and son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind. 10 Christopher Columbus Facts. La Santa María de la Inmaculada Concepción (Spanish for: The Holy Mary of the Immaculate Conception), or La Santa María, originally La Gallega, was the largest of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian trader, explorer, and navigator. Christopher Columbus is his name in English but he was born in Italy in 1451. Christopher Columbus (/ k ə ˈ l ʌ m b ə s /; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. Ha nincs indoklás a vitalapon (vagy szerkesztési módban a szövegközben), bátran távolítsd el a sablont! Ez a. It is within walking distance from the Bronx Zoo and the New York Botanical Garden. Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Chris Columbus (filmmaker). Christopher Columbus: The Discovery. His forces overcame the indigenous people. Jeho expedície, ktoré sponzorovali španielske katolícke veličenstvá. He was born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 1451. Christopher Columbus (ruggit eddyr 25 Luanistyn as 31 Jerrey Fouyir 1451, hooar baase 20 Boaldyn 1506), she ronseyder as shiaulteyr Iddaalagh ren kiare marrinyssyn harrish y Cheayn Sheear fo gialdynys Monarkyn Catoleagh y Spaainey, foshley yn bollagh da ronsaghey as coloinaghey Oarpagh America. Christopher Columbus? History of Columbus Four >Who is Christopher Columbus? History of Columbus Four. His voyages across the Atlantic paved the way for European colonization and exploitation of the Americas. Christoffer Columbus (italiensk: Cristoforo Colombo, spansk: Cristóbal Colón, portugisisk: Cristovão Colombo) (født 31. The entire monument cost $18,000, was made of Italian Ravazzoni marble, and stands 22 ft (6. Forget those myths perpetuated by everyone from Washington Irving to Bugs Bunny. Columbus appearing at the council gathering in the Monastery of San Esteban in Salamanca. The Columbus Monument ( Catalan: Monument a Colom, IPA: [munuˈment ə kuˈlom]; Spanish: Monumento a Colón or Mirador de Colón) is a 60 m (197 ft) tall monument to Christopher Columbus at the lower end of La Rambla, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Christopher Columbuss journal (Diario) is a diary and logbook written by Christopher Columbus about his first voyage. After sailing past Les Saintes (Todos los Santos), he arrived at Guadeloupe (Santa María de Guadalupe), which he explored between 4 November and 10 November. The finely-engraved stamps were the first commemorative stamps issued by the United States, depicting various events during the career of Christopher Columbus. I Christopher Columbus (pilatan ning August 25 ampong October 31, 1451 - May 20, 1506), Cristóbal Colón king Castila, at Cristoforo Colombo king orihinal a Italianu, metung yang talapaglayag, kolonialista, ampong talapaglakbe. October 31, 1451-May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer who led voyages to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. She was the only whaleback ship ever built for passenger service. An 1876 statue of Christopher Columbus by Emanuele Caroni is installed in Marconi Plaza, 2848 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States), inside a railing that bears wire art of Columbuss three ships, the Niña, Pinta. His voyages took him to Caribbean islands, South America and Central America. October 31, 1451–May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer who led voyages to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer (1451–1506) Retrato de hombre, óleo sobre lienzo de Sebastiano del Piombo, fechado en 1519, con una leyenda de dudosa autenticidad que lo identifica como el ligur Colombo, «el primero en entrar en barco en el mundo de las Antípodas» (Nueva York, Metropolitan Museum). Christopher Columbus is the English version of Columbuss name. The journal covers events from 3 August 1492, when Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, to 15 March 1493 and includes a prologue addressing the sovereigns. Columbus leaving port from Palos de la Frontera on 3 August 1492. Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; c. Christopher Columbus High School is a public secondary school located in the Pelham Parkway section of the Bronx, New York City. Who was Christopher Columbus?. A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus is a fictional biographical account of Christopher Columbus written by Washington Irving in 1828. In six hours, the series told the story of the life of Christopher Columbus, with Gabriel Byrne starring as the explorer. Christopher Columbus is the English version of Columbuss name. Hurricanes: Science and Society: 1502. Its an annual holiday that commemorates the day on. A painting by Great Lakes marine artist Howard Sprague showing the ship in white livery, as SS Christopher Columbus appeared in 1893. Maritime expeditions, during 1492 to 1504, to the Caribbean Islands and coast of Central America in North America. November 3 (Italy) Frequency. Christopher Columbus (/ k ə ˈ l ʌ m b ə s /; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 - 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. On the evening of August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator. Christopher Columbus Andrews. Columbus Monument, Barcelona. He was the son of a weaver named Domenico Colombo and a seamstress named Susanna Fontanarossa. Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; c. His aim now was to find the Malaccan strait, which would serve as his access to the Indian Ocean. Christopher Columbus (1451 1 —20 Mei 1506) adalah pengembara dan pedagang yang menyeberangi Lautan Atlantik dan sampai ke Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1492 di bawah bendera Castilian Sepanyol. The explorer Christopher Columbus made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. There they remained until 1795 when they were sent to Havana and in 1898 they supposedly went back to Spain. Ez a szócikk szaklektorálásra, tartalmi javításokra szorul. Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Columbuss governance of Hispaniola could be brutal and tyrannical. Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer. 1451 – 20 Mey 1506) wis an Italian explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the Republic o Genoa. His real name in Italian is Cristoforo Colombo. Name: Christopher Columbus. The Columbian Issue, also known as the Columbians, is a set of 16 postage stamps issued by the United States to commemorate the Worlds Columbian Exposition held in Chicago during 1893. Land was sighted on October 12, 1492 and Columbus called the island (now The Bahamas) San. The Columbus Monument ( Catalan: Monument a Colom, IPA: [munuˈment ə kuˈlom]; Spanish: Monumento a Colón or Mirador de Colón) is a 60 m (197 ft) tall monument to Christopher Columbus at the lower end of La Rambla, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Columbus was pretty tall. Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), Italian navigator, explorer, and colonizer who captained the first European ship to reach the Americas Modern [ edit ] Christopher. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who led four trans-Atlantic voyages—1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502—from Spain. In what has become known as the Columbian Exchange, Columbus’ voyages enabled the exchange of plants, animals, cultures. His exploration of these areas paved the way for. A letter written by Christopher Columbus on February 15, 1493, is the first known document announcing the results of his first voyage that set out in 1492 and reached the. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the New World. The Christopher Columbus Monument was originally erected on the Centennial Exposition grounds at the intersection of Fountain and Belmont Avenues, near the Conservatory and dedicated on October 13, 1876 as a tribute from Italy to America. Christopher Columbus (l. Christopher Columbus tại Encyclopædia Britannica (tiếng Anh) XPOFerenS: The true history of Cristobal Colom ; Keith Pickerings Columbus Navigation Page; A reconstructed portrait of Christopher Columbus, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style. Si Christopher Columbus (1451 - 20 Mayo 1506) (Cristòfor Colom sa Catalan, Cristoforo Colombo sa Italyano, Cristóbal Colón sa Kastila, Cristóvão Colombo sa Portuges) ay pinaniniwalaang mula sa Genoa, bagaman pinaniniwalaan din na mula siya sa ibang lugar, mula sa Korona ng Aragon o sa mga Kaharian ng Galicia o Portugal. Christopher Columbuss journal. In 1492 Columbus landed on an island of the Bahamas, the. Faro a Colon (Columbus Lighthouse) – Santo Domingo Este. クリストファー・コロンブス ( 1451年 10月31日 - 1506年 5月20日 )は、 探検家 ・ 航海者 ・ コンキスタドール 、 奴隷 商人。. Columbuss letter on the first voyage. Who is Christopher Columbus? History of Columbus Four. Christopher Columbus High School (Bronx). In 1492, Christopher Columbus’s expedition was funded in the hope of bypassing Portugal’s monopoly on west African sea routes, to reach “the Indies. Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; c. His voyages took him to Caribbean islands, South America and Central America. Christofer Columbus ( italienska: Cristoforo Colombo, spanska: Cristóbal Colón, ursprungligt namn på 1400-talsliguriska: Christoffa [ 1] Corombo [ 2] IPA : /kriˈʃtɔffa kuˈɹuŋbu/ ), född mellan 26 augusti och 31 oktober 1451 i Republiken Genua, död 20 maj 1506 i Valladolid, Spanien, var en genuansk och italiensk upptäckare och. Statue of Christopher Columbus (Philadelphia).